Genuine ancient BYZANTINE coin Anonymous follis Constantine X Ducas/Christ/Cross

Description

One original ancient Byzantine coin:
Constantine X Ducas, AE Follis, 1059-1067, Constantinople.
AE 27-29mm. 8.01gm.
Original glossy green-brown patina.
Lightly cleaned. Exactly as pictured.
Obv./
+EMMA NOVHA, IC-XC across fields, bust of Christ facing, wearing nimbus cross, pallius and collobium, holding book of gospels and raising right hand.
Rev./
+KwN RACILEVC O DOVK, crowned bust of Constantine X facing, bearded, wearing loros, cross in right hand, akakia in left.
DO 9; SB 1854.
Authenticity guaranteed!
For more than a century, the production of Follis denomination Byzantine coins had religious Christian motifs which included included Jesus Christ, and even Virgin Mary. These coins were designed to honor Christ and recognize the subservient role of the Byzantine emperor, with many of the reverse inscriptions translating to "Jesus Christ King of Kings" and "May Jesus Christ Conquer". The Follis denomination coins were the largest bronze denomination coins issued by the Byzantine empire, and their large size, along with the Christian motif make them a popular coin type for collectors. Read more and see examples of these coins by reading the JESUS CHRIST Anonymous Class A-N Byzantine Follis Coins Reference.
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You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
Jesus of Nazareth
(
c.
5 BC/BCE –
c.
30 AD/CE), also referred to as
Jesus Christ
or simply
Jesus
, is the central figure of
Christianity
. Most
Christian denominations
venerate him as
God the Son
incarnated
and believe that he
rose from the dead
after being
crucified
.
The principal sources of information regarding Jesus are the four
canonical gospels
, and most
critical scholars
find them, at least the
Synoptic Gospels
, useful for reconstructing Jesus’ life and teachings. Some scholars believe apocryphal texts such as the
Gospel of Thomas
and the
Gospel according to the Hebrews
are also
relevant
.
Most critical historians agree that Jesus was a
Jew
who was regarded as a teacher and
healer
, that he
was baptized
by
John the Baptist
, and
was crucified
in
Jerusalem
on the orders of the
Roman Prefect
Judaea
,
Pontius Pilate
, on the charge of
sedition
against the
Roman Empire
. Critical Biblical scholars and historians have offered competing descriptions of Jesus as a self-described
Messiah
, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer, and as the founder of an independent religious movement. Most contemporary scholars of the
Historical Jesus
consider him to have been an independent, charismatic founder of a Jewish restoration movement, anticipating an imminent apocalypse. Other prominent scholars, however, contend that Jesus' "
Kingdom of God
" meant radical personal and social transformation instead of a future apocalypse.
Christians traditionally believe that Jesus was
born of a virgin
:529–32
performed
miracles
,
:358–59
founded
the Church
,
rose from the dead
, and
ascended
into
heaven
,
:616–20
from which he
will return
.
:1091–109
Most Christian scholars today present Jesus as the awaited Messiah promised in the
Old Testament
and as God, arguing that he fulfilled many Messianic prophecies of the
Old Testament
. The majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, one of three divine persons of a
reject Trinitarianism
Trinity
, wholly or partly, believing it to be non-scriptural.
Judaism
rejects
assertions that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the
Messianic prophecies
in the
Tanakh
. In
Islam
, Jesus (
Arabic
:
عيسى
‎, commonly transliterated as
Isa
) is considered one of
God's
important
prophets
, a bringer of
scripture
, and the product of a virgin birth; but did not experience a crucifixion. Islam and the
Baha'i Faith
use the title "Messiah" for Jesus, but do not teach that he was God incarnate.
Constantine X Doukas
or Dukas, Latinised as Ducas (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Ι΄ Δούκας, Kōnstantinos X Doukas, 1006 – 22 May 1067) was Byzantine Emperor from 1059 to 1067. He was the founder and first ruling member of the short-lived Doukid dynasty. During his reign, the Normans took over much of the remaining Byzantine territories in Italy while in the Balkans the Hungarians occupied Belgrade. He also suffered defeats against the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan. Constantine Doukas was the son of Andronikos Doukas, a Paphlagonian Greek nobleman who may have served as governor of the theme of Moesia. Addicted to endless debates about philosophy and theology, Constantine gained influence after he married, as his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, a niece of Patriarch Michael Keroularios. In 1057, Constantine supported the usurpation of Isaac I Komnenos, gradually siding with the court bureaucracy against the new emperor's reforms. In spite of this tacit opposition, Constantine was chosen as successor by the ailing Isaac in November 1059, under the influence of Michael Psellos. Isaac abdicated, and on 24 November 1059, Constantine X Doukas was crowned emperor. The new emperor quickly associated two of his young sons in power, Michael VII Doukas and Konstantios Doukas, appointed his brother John Doukas as kaisar (Caesar), and embarked on a policy favorable to the interests of the court bureaucracy and the church.[1] Severely undercutting the training and financial support for the armed forces, Constantine X fatally weakened Byzantine defences[citation needed] by disbanding the Armenian local militia of 50,000 men at a crucial point of time, coinciding with the westward advance of the Seljuk Turks and their Turcoman allies. Undoing many of the necessary reforms of Isaac I Komnenos, he bloated the military bureaucracy with highly paid court officials and crowded the Senate with his supporters. His decisions to replace standing soldiers with mercenaries and leaving the frontier fortifications unrepaired led Constantine to become naturally unpopular with the supporters of Isaac within the military aristocracy, who attempted to assassinate him in 1061.[citation needed] He also became unpopular with the general population after he raised taxes to try to pay the army. Constantine lost most of Byzantine Italy to the Normans under Robert Guiscard,[citation needed] except for the territory around Bari, though a resurgence of interest in retaining Apulia occurred under his reign, and he appointed at least four catepans of Italy: Miriarch, Maruli, Sirianus, and Mabrica. He also suffered invasions by Alp Arslan in Asia Minor in 1064, resulting in the loss of the Armenian capital, and by the Oghuz Turks in the Balkans in 1065, while Belgrade was lost to the Hungarians. Already old and unhealthy when he came to power, Constantine died on 22 May 1067. His final act was to demand that only his sons succeed him, forcing his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa to take a vow not to remarry.
The
Byzantine Empire
, or
Eastern Roman Empire
, was the predominantly
Greek
-speaking eastern half continuation and remainder of the
Roman Empire
during
Late Antiquity
and the
Middle Ages
. Its capital city was
Constantinople
(modern-day
Istanbul
), originally founded as
Byzantium
. It survived the
fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire
in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it
fell
to the
Ottoman Turks
in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the
Roman Empire
(
Ancient Greek
:
Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
,
tr.
Basileia Rhōmaiōn
;
Latin
:
Imperium Romanum
), or
Romania
(
Ῥωμανία
), and to themselves as "Romans".
Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire's
east and west
divided
. In 285, the
emperor
Diocletian
(r. 284–305) partitioned the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves. Between 324 and 330,
Constantine I
(r. 306–337) transferred the main capital from
Rome
to
Byzantium
, later known as
Constantinople
("City of Constantine") and
Nova Roma
("New Rome"). Under
Theodosius I
(r. 379–395),
Christianity
became the Empire's official
state religion
and others such as
Roman polytheism
were
proscribed
. And finally, under the reign of
Heraclius
(r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions, modern historians distinguish
Byzantium
from
ancient Rome
insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by
Orthodox Christianity
rather than
Roman polytheism
.
The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of
Justinian I
(r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western
Mediterranean
coast, including north Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of
Maurice
(r. 582–602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused a
two-decade-long war
with
Sassanid Persia
which exhausted the Empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the
Muslim conquests
of the 7th century. In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs.
During the
Macedonian dynasty
(10th–11th centuries), the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long
renaissance
, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the
Seljuk Turks
after the
Battle of Manzikert
in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in
Anatolia
as a homeland.
The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline. It struggled to
recover during the 12th century
, but was delivered a mortal blow during the
Fourth Crusade
, when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire
dissolved and divided
into competing Byzantine Greek and
Latin realms
. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and
re-establishment of the Empire in 1261
, Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were
progressively annexed by the Ottomans
over the 15th century. The
Fall of Constantinople
to the
Ottoman Empire
in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire
.
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